Deep Dive of the Day How certificate management works in VCF 9.1, and what you can renew from VCF Operations
With the eMudhra news it's a good moment to know exactly who signs what in your fleet. In VCF 9.1, certificate management lives in VCF Operations under Fleet Management > Certificates, and every component starts life with a certificate from the VMware Certificate Authority (VMCA). The docs split certificates three ways: user-managed ones get the full lifecycle in VCF Operations (CSR, import, replace, auto-renew); externally managed ones are only watched and alerted on, so you renew them in the component's own UI, API or CLI; and system-managed ones renew themselves, usually during upgrades, and aren't shown at all.
Coverage is broad. Management components (VCF Operations, VCF Automation, Operations for networks, log management, the license server, identity broker, management services and cloud proxy) sit alongside instance components from 5.2 onwards (ESX, vCenter, NSX Manager, SDDC Manager, Supervisor), with HCX and Avi joining through their management packs. The 9.1.1 certificate blog adds vCenter STS and VMCA root certificates, NSX Edge, Supervisor and license server certificates to that list, plus alerting when a component-managed renewal fails.
The CA you choose decides what VCF can do for you. You configure a CA for the fleet as VMCA, Microsoft CA (the URL must start with https:// and end with certsrv, and from 9.1 the CA and Web Enrollment roles can sit on different machines) or OpenSSL CA, which is meant for test and can't be chained into an existing PKI. Auto-renewal only works for certificates from a configured CA on components that support non-disruptive updates. Anything signed by an external CA, or self-signed, has to go through the manual CSR, sign, import and replace cycle, and VCF Operations can't renew it for you. From 9.1.1 you can also swap any certificate back to a VMCA-signed one.
The production gotchas are mostly about names. VCF 9.1 needs the FQDN in the Subject Alternative Name, and without it inventory migration and registration fail during the upgrade; an IP is optional, and KB 457419 suggests adding one only where integrations connect by IP, noting that many public CAs reject private addresses. Hostname checks follow RFC 6125, so an IP-only SAN fails, and dot-less short names break CSR generation. Keys must be RSA 2048, 3072 or 4096. Replacing ESX certificates from VCF Operations flips vCenter's vpxd.certmgmt.mode to Custom, which is expected.
Daniel Micanek's write-up adds the practical side: renewal from Fleet Management opens 60 days before expiry, expired certificates can't be replaced, so imported ones need a calendar reminder; root and intermediate certificates are never auto-renewed; and new ESX hosts should get CA-signed certificates before commissioning, or they can fail with "Host SSL certificate is not trusted by SDDC Manager". In a nested lab the OpenSSL CA is the easy route to a working chain, and keeping every host on the same CA saves a lot of commissioning pain later.
Based on Managing Certificates in VMware Cloud Foundation (TechDocs) Official Configure a Certificate Authority for VMware Cloud Foundation (TechDocs) Official Managing Certificates at Scale with VCF 9.1.1 (VCF blog) Official Daniel Micanek: VCF 9 certificate management with a custom CA